{"id":1397,"date":"2026-08-10T20:19:45","date_gmt":"2026-08-11T03:19:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inside.salk.edu\/fall-2026\/?p=1397"},"modified":"2026-08-11T20:00:17","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T03:00:17","slug":"remembering-suzanne-bourgeois-she-cracked-one-of-biologys-earliest-codes-then-made-sure-the-story-of-how-salk-came-to-be-was-never-lost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/inside.salk.edu\/fall-2026\/remembering-suzanne-bourgeois-she-cracked-one-of-biologys-earliest-codes-then-made-sure-the-story-of-how-salk-came-to-be-was-never-lost\/","title":{"rendered":"Remembering Suzanne Bourgeois: She cracked one of biology\u2019s earliest codes, then made sure the story of how Salk came to be was never lost"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
Bourgeois was a prolific scientist, one of Salk’s founding members, and an unofficial Institute historian in her later years.<\/summary>\n

<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Suzanne Bourgeois, PhD, had a knack for finding things that others had overlooked. In the 1960s, when the molecular machinery behind gene regulation was still largely a mystery, she identified something no one had proved before: that the protein responsible for switching a gene off was real, measurable, and could be studied in precise detail.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n

As the founder of Salk\u2019s Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Bourgeois studied the regulation of gene expression\u2014the process cells use to turn genes \u201con\u201d or \u201coff\u201d\u2014using the bacterial lactose (lac) operon as a model system. In the 1960s, when little was known about the circuit, Bourgeois demonstrated that the lac repressor was a protein. She used the system to characterize, for the first time, the interaction between a regulatory protein and DNA. She later studied gene regulation in animal cells and eventually identified compounds that could help reverse multidrug resistance in cancer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that foundation, Bourgeois went on to ask bigger questions, eventually identifying compounds with the potential to help overcome one of cancer treatment\u2019s most stubborn problems: the ability of tumors to resist multiple drugs at once. Her National Institutes of Health research grant funding continued through 1994, a telling measure of how seriously the scientific community regarded her work across three decades.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
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Bourgeois and Mel Cohn at the Chihuly at the Salk event in 2010.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Two of the Institute\u2019s founders, Bourgeois and her husband, Melvin \u201cMel\u201d Cohn, PhD, arrived in La Jolla in the early 1960s. Bourgeois spent the rest of her long life\u2014she died on March 14, 2026, at 94, at her home in Del Mar, California\u2014bound up with the place she had helped build. She held the title of Professor Emerita at Salk, an honor that reflected not just her years of service, but also the lasting mark she left on the Institute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe are deeply saddened by Suzanne\u2019s passing, but I am so grateful for having known such an inspiring scientist and a wonderful person all these years,\u201d says Salk President Gerald Joyce, MD, PhD. \u201cThe scientific community has lost a brilliant mind, and Salk, a link to the founding of the Institute. She will be greatly missed.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bourgeois was born in Brussels, Belgium. She moved to Paris in 1961 to work at the Pasteur Institute with biochemist Jacques Monod, PhD, with whom she also completed her doctoral thesis at the University of Paris\/Sorbonne in 1966.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was at the Pasteur Institute that Bourgeois met Cohn. They married in 1963 and moved to La Jolla to help build the Institute at the request of Jonas Salk, who developed the first effective polio vaccine. Cohn died in 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After retiring from her laboratory, Bourgeois realized that she was one of the last witnesses to the amazing founding of the Salk Institute, and she made it her mission to document that history. In many ways, Bourgeois became the Salk Institute\u2019s unofficial historian with her personal account of the origins and early years of the Institute. At one point during her research, she discovered several forgotten filing cabinets tucked away on Salk\u2019s campus. After taking a closer look, she realized she had struck gold. Filed away in the old cabinets were the Salk Institute\u2019s early archives, which she saved from being destroyed. Her papers are now part of the UC San Diego library archives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2014, Bourgeois published a book, Genesis of the Salk Institute: The Epic of Its Founders<\/em>, chronicling the dynamic history of the Institute and the key players who took part in its creation. She told the story of how and why, although born far apart, the founders of the Salk Institute eventually gathered in La Jolla in the early 1960s to create an exceptional institution.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n
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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In 2014, Bourgeois chronicled the Institute\u2019s founding story in Genesis of the Salk Institute: The Epic of Its Founders.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n

Carol Bodas, Salk\u2019s librarian, who had the unique opportunity to work closely with Bourgeois, recalls her conversations with Cohn and Bourgeois about their decision to become part of Jonas Salk\u2019s vision to create a world-class research institution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThey had many offers, and instead of accepting a position at a university with an already established research program, they recognized that they made the right decision to be part of Salk and scientific freedom, together with other distinguished scientists in that area,\u201d Bodas says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to her scientific, archival, and narrative contributions to the Institute, Bourgeois established the Suzanne Bourgeois Women & Science Fund. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis fund continues to be a critical resource for fueling discovery and building scientific careers,\u201d says Salk Chief Science Officer Jan Karlseder, PhD, who had the privilege of being recruited to Salk to work in the Regulatory Biology Laboratory that Bourgeois had founded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSalk is forever grateful for Suzanne\u2019s support over the years. Her commitment to enabling the training of the next generation of scientists reflects her forward-thinking vision for the Institute.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In quieter moments, Bourgeois loved nature\u2014specifically greenery, flowers, and trees\u2014and spending time in Del Mar.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Bourgeois at the Salk Institute, 2018.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Suzanne Bourgeois, PhD, had a knack for finding things that others had overlooked. In the 1960s, when the molecular machinery behind gene regulation was still largely a mystery, she identified something no one had proved before: that the protein responsible for switching a gene off was real, measurable, and could be studied in precise detail. 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