Spotlight

In their new book for greater health throughout our lives, Salk President and Nobel Laureate Elizabeth Blackburn and health psychologist Elissa Epel explain an important aspect of the aging process in humans at a fundamental level. Based on this science, they share the changes people can make to their daily habits that will keep them vital and disease-free.

Released in early January, The Telomere Effect: A Revolutionary Approach to Living Younger, Healthier, Longer made The New York Times Best Sellers list three weeks later. Their road map explaining the science of aging and habits to live well ranked #15 in the nonfiction hardcover category and #13 for e-Books nonfiction.

The book outlines how the length and maintenance of one’s telomeres provide a biological basis for bettering health, and includes information on how sleep, exercise, diet and even social connections profoundly affect telomeres and how chronic stress can eat away at them. Included are lists of which foods are healthy for telomeres; how aging begins in utero; information about protecting sleep and tips for exercising; and the impact of stress and ways to manage it.

Order the book on Amazon.com.

A decade ago, Doug Jacobs was much like any other junior at La Costa Canyon High School—thinking about which colleges to apply to and what he wanted to study. Today, the internal medicine resident physician and health policy researcher at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston credits his career in part to the Salk Institute’s High School Scholars program.

“In many ways, the program jumpstarted my interest in science and medicine,” says Jacobs, who landed a spot in Ronald Evans’ lab over the summer of 2006 to research proteins related to HDL cholesterol. “I hadn’t gotten my hands dirty in the science world yet. It’s one of the few programs that gets students into the lab doing work.”

For more than 40 years, the intensive eight-week High School Scholars program has given students that rare hands-on bench research experience in a Salk lab under the tutelage of a faculty member. The scholars maintain laboratory notebooks, formulate and test hypotheses and prepare experiments, concluding their summer with a presentation of their findings before mentors, lab colleagues and families.

Sakina Palida, a postdoctoral researcher who currently studies molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, first became interested in scientific research as a career as a 16-year-old High School Scholar in Joanne Chory’s lab.

“I not only saw how scientists approach biological questions in the lab, but I actually got to participate in the research and acquire technical and analytical skills that helped me in both my undergraduate studies at UC Berkeley and graduate research in Roger Tsien’s lab at UCSD,” says Palida. “My experiences through the summer program and the people I interacted with, including Dr. Chory and my postdoc mentors Greg Vert and Jesse Woodson, were altogether invaluable to my development as a scientist.”

In 2014, the program was renamed the Heithoff-Brody Scholars Program for Salk supporter Ken Heithoff and former Institute president William Brody. Heithoff was inspired to make a generous gift to Salk’s Education Outreach program after seeing the mentorship his grandson Cameron received as a scholar for two consecutive summers in the labs of Jan Karlseder and Samuel Pfaff.

“I can’t tell you how important mentors were in my own background,” says Heithoff, a physician. “In the Salk Institute, I see an opportunity for really strong, scientifically-minded kids to become the next generation of Nobel laureates. Those are the people who change history and that’s why I want to give that experience to more kids.”

Mentorship is one of the best memories Stephanie See has of her 2006 High School Scholars summer. Now a third year graduate student in the Chemistry and Chemical Biology PhD program at UC San Francisco, See focuses on the molecular mechanisms that control the spread of aggregating proteins in models of neurodegeneration.

“My interest in neuroscience began in Rusty Gage’s lab,” says See. “I was mentored by postdoctoral fellows who taught me the foundations of the scientific method and instilled the technical rigor and mental perseverance that would become valuable at every step of my scientific journey. I’m so grateful to these mentors and the High School Scholars Program for helping me explore interests that have since grown into a job and career I love.”

Salk Professor Tony Hunter, who holds an American Cancer Society Professorship, has been awarded $500,000 as part of the $1 million Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences’ inaugural Sjöberg Prize for Cancer Research for “groundbreaking studies of cellular processes that have led to the development of new and effective cancer drugs.” The prize ceremony, which is modeled after the Nobel Prize ceremony, was held in Stockholm during the Academy’s annual meeting on March 31, 2017, in the presence of His Majesty the King and Her Majesty the Queen of Sweden.

Hunter studied how normal cells become tumor cells, demonstrating that a special process was necessary: tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins. His discovery led to the development of a new type of cancer pharmaceutical, tyrosine kinase inhibitors. These have revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and also are of great benefit in several other forms of cancer. Hunter’s work has led to a complete catalogue of the 90 human genes that encode tyrosine kinases, over half of which have become targets for the development of drugs to treat cancer and other human diseases. Currently, 26 tyrosine kinase inhibitors are FDA approved for human therapy, with many more in clinical trials.

The annual prize, which includes $100,000 as a personal award and $900,000 designated as a grant for future research, is shared equally by the awardees. Hunter shares the honor with immunologist James P. Allison of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.

Salk Professor Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte has received the coveted National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant of at least $2.5 million over 5 years to fund his innovations in generating functional primate organs and tissues in a large- animal host using novel stem cell technologies.

Helmsley-Salk Fellow Jesse Dixon is among 16 scientists nationwide to receive the prestigious young career award of $1.25 million over 5 years from the NIH to explore how the genome folds into 3D configurations and the implications for human disease and health.

Gerald Joyce, recognized as a pioneer in the field of in vitro evolution, has joined the Salk Institute as a professor in the Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics. Joyce uses biochemical techniques to explore the potential of RNA to serve as a catalyst in critical reactions and has devised molecules whose function is to disrupt disease-related pathways. Joyce designed the first and several subsequent examples of DNA enzymes, some of which are now in human clinical trials for the treatment of cancer, asthma and skin diseases.

Previously, Joyce worked at The Scripps Research Institute. He serves as director of the Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation and is the recipient of numerous scientific awards. Joyce received his bachelor’s degree from the University of Chicago, and his MD and PhD in neurosciences from the University of California, San Diego.

Wolfgang Busch joined the Institute as an associate professor in the Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory. Busch uses a systems genetics approach— which combines techniques from genetics, genomics and other science fields—to understand how root growth
in given environments is determined by a plant’s genes. Discoveries in this area could reveal critical insight into growing plants (and food) that can thrive in more extreme environments prompted by climate change, such as drought.

Busch comes to Salk from the Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, and is a recipient of the Society for Experimental Biology President’s Medal. He earned his degrees in biology from the University of Tubingen, in Germany.

Edward Stites, a physician-scientist who studies key cellular proteins that usher signals into the cell nucleus from outside the cell, joins the Salk Institute as an assistant professor in the Integrative Biology Laboratory. By using both traditional experimental and computational techniques, Stites aims to develop a new generation of precision therapies that can better target cancers.

Prior to joining Salk, Stites was a clinical pathology resident in the Physician Scientist Training Program at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. He received both his MD and PhD degrees from the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, obtaining his doctorate in biophysics as part of the Medical Scientist Training Program. His research was recognized with the University of Virginia’s Michael J. Peach award.